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Campbell-Walsh Urology – 2020 | کتاب اورولوژی کمپبل

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Campbell-Walsh Urology – 2020 | کتاب اورولوژی کمپبل

 Campbell-Walsh Urology – 2020 – جدیدترین ویرایش از کتاب اورولوژی کمپل

تضمین بهترین کیفیت و قیمت | چاپ تمام رنگی | چهار جلدی


کتاب اورولوژی کمپل ۲۰۲۰ 

From the basic science underpinnings to the most recent developments in medical and surgical care, Campbell-Walsh-Wein Urology offers a depth and breadth of coverage you won’t find in any other urology reference. Now in three manageable volumes, the revised 12th Edition is a must-have text for students, residents, and seasoned practitioners, with authoritative, up-to-date content in an intuitively organized, easy-to-read format featuring key points, quick-reference tables, and handy algorithms throughout

Alan W. Partin & Craig A. Peters & Louis R. Kavoussi & Roger R. Dmochowski & Alan J. Wein


Product details – کتاب اورولوژی کمپل

  • Series: Campbell-Walsh Urology
  • Hardcover: ۴۱۷۶ pages
  • Publisher: Elsevier; 12 edition (, 2020)
  • Language: English
  • ISBN-10: ۱۴۵۵۷۷۵۶۷۳
  • ISBN-13: ۹۷۸-۱۴۵۵۷۷۵۶۷۵
  • Amazon Best Sellers Rank: #۱,۱۹۷,۱۸۲ in Books (See Top 100 in Books)

  • Table of Contents

  • Copyright
  • Dedication
  • Preface
  • Contributors
  • Video Contents
  • Volume I
  • Part I Clinical Decision Making
  • ۱ Evaluation of the Urologic Patient
  • ۲ Evaluation of the Urologic Patient
  • ۳ Urinary Tract Imaging
  • ۴ Urinary Tract Imaging
  • ۵ Urinary Tract Imaging
  • ۶ Assessment of Urologic and Surgical Outcomes
  • ۷ Ethics and Informed Consent
  • Part II Basics of Urologic Surgery
  • ۸ Principles of Urologic Surgery
  • ۹ Principles of Urologic Surgery
  • ۱۰ Principles of Urologic Surgery
  • ۱۱ Lower Urinary Tract Catheterization
  • ۱۲ Fundamentals of Upper Urinary Tract Drainage
  • ۱۳ Principles of Urologic Endoscopy
  • ۱۴ Fundamentals of Laparoscopic and Robotic Urologic Surgery
  • ۱۵ Basic Energy Modalities in Urologic Surgery
  • ۱۶ Evaluation and Management of Hematuria
  • ۱۷ Complications of Urologic Surgery
  • ۱۸ Urologic Considerations in Pregnancy
  • ۱۹ Intraoperative Consultation
  • Part III Pediatric Urology
  • Section A Development and Prenatal Urology
  • ۲۰ Embryology of the Genitourinary Tract
  • ۲۱ Urologic Aspects of Pediatric Nephrology
  • ۲۲ Perinatal Urology
  • ۲۳ Urologic Evaluation of the Child
  • ۲۴ Pediatric Urogenital Imaging
  • ۲۵ Infection and Inflammation of the Pediatric Genitourinary Tract
  • ۲۶ Core Principles of Perioperative Management in Children
  • ۲۷ Principles of Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery in Children
  • ۲۸ Clinical and Urodynamic Evaluation of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction in Children
  • ۲۹ Management Strategies for Vesicoureteral Reflux
  • ۳۱ Exstrophy-Epispadias Complex
  • ۳۲ Prune-Belly Syndrome
  • ۳۳ Posterior Urethral Valves
  • ۳۴ Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
  • ۳۵ Functional Disorders of the Lower Urinary Tract in Children
  • ۳۶ Management of Defecation Disorders
  • ۳۷ Lower Urinary Tract Reconstruction in Children
  • ۳۸ Anomalies of the Upper Urinary Tract
  • ۳۹ Renal Dysgenesis and Cystic Disease of the Kidney
  • ۴۰ Pathophysiology of Urinary Tract Obstruction
  • ۴۱ Ectopic Ureter, Ureterocele, and Ureteral Anomalies
  • ۴۲ Surgery of the Ureter in Children
  • ۴۳ Management of Pediatric Kidney Stone Disease
  • ۴۴ Management of Abnormalities of the External Genitalia in Boys
  • ۴۵ Hypospadias
  • ۴۶ Etiology, Diagnosis, and Management of the Undescended Testis
  • ۴۷ Management of Abnormalities of the Genitalia in Girls
  • ۴۸ Disorders of Sexual Development
  • ۴۹ Surgical Management of Differences of Sexual Differentiation and Cloacal and Anorectal Malformations
  • ۵۰ Adolescent and Transitional Urology
  • ۵۱ Urologic Considerations in Pediatric Renal Transplantation
  • ۵۲ Pediatric Genitourinary Trauma
  • ۵۳ Pediatric Urologic Oncology
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Wilms Tumor
  • References
  • ۵۴ Pediatric Urologic Oncology
  • Volume II
  • Part IV Infections and Inflammation
  • ۵۵ Infections of the Urinary Tract
  • ۵۶ Inflammatory and Pain Conditions of the Male Genitourinary Tract
  • ۵۷ Interstitial Cystitis/Bladder Pain Syndrome and Related Disorders
  • ۵۸ Sexually Transmitted Diseases*
  • ۵۹ Cutaneous Diseases of the External Genitalia
  • ۶۰ Tuberculosis and Parasitic Infections of the Genitourinary Tract
  • Part V Molecular and Cellular Biology
  • ۶۱ Basic Principles of Immunology and Immunotherapy in Urologic Oncology
  • ۶۲ Molecular Genetics and Cancer Biology
  • Part VI Reproductive and Sexual Function
  • ۶۳ Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Reproductive System
  • ۶۴ Male Reproductive Physiology
  • ۶۵ Integrated Men’s Health
  • ۶۶ Male Infertility
  • ۶۷ Surgical Management of Male Infertility
  • ۶۸ Physiology of Penile Erection and Pathophysiology of Erectile Dysfunction
  • ۶۹ Evaluation and Management of Erectile Dysfunction
  • ۷۰ Priapism
  • ۷۱ Disorders of Male Orgasm and Ejaculation
  • ۷۲ Surgery for Erectile Dysfunction
  • ۷۳ Diagnosis and Management of Peyronie’s Disease
  • ۷۴ Sexual Function and Dysfunction in the Female
  • Part VII Male Genitalia
  • ۷۵ Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Retroperitoneum
  • ۷۶ Neoplasms of the Testis
  • ۷۷ Surgery of Testicular Tumors
  • ۷۸ Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Retroperitoneal Lymphadenectomy for Testicular Tumors
  • ۷۹ Tumors of the Penis
  • ۸۰ Tumors of the Urethra
  • ۸۱ Inguinal Node Dissection
  • ۸۲ Surgery for Benign Disorders of the Penis and Urethra
  • ۸۳ Surgery of the Scrotum and Seminal Vesicles
  • Part VIII Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology
  • ۸۴ Surgical, Radiologic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Kidney and Ureter
  • ۸۵ Physiology and Pharmacology of the Renal Pelvis and Ureter
  • ۸۶ Renal Physiology and Pathophysiology Including Renovascular Hypertension
  • ۸۷ Renal Insufficiency and Ischemic Nephropathy
  • ۸۸ Urologic Complications of Renal Transplantation
  • Part IX Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction and Trauma
  • ۸۹ Management of Upper Urinary Tract Obstruction
  • ۹۰ Upper Urinary Tract Trauma
  • Part X Urinary Lithiasis and Endourology
  • ۹۱ Urinary Lithiasis
  • ۹۲ Evaluation and Medical Management of Urinary Lithiasis
  • ۹۳ Strategies for Nonmedical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
  • ۹۴ Surgical Management for Upper Urinary Tract Calculi
  • ۹۵ Lower Urinary Tract Calculi
  • Part XI Neoplasms of the Upper Urinary Tract
  • ۹۶ Benign Renal Tumors
  • ۹۷ Malignant Renal Tumors
  • ۹۸ Urothelial Tumors of the Upper Urinary Tract and Ureter
  • ۹۹ Surgical Management of Upper Urinary Tract Urothelial Tumors
  • ۱۰۰ Retroperitoneal Tumors
  • ۱۰۱ Open Surgery of the Kidney
  • ۱۰۲ Laparoscopic and Robotic Surgery of the Kidney
  • ۱۰۳ Nonsurgical Focal Therapy for Renal Tumors
  • ۱۰۴ Treatment of Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma
    • Volume III
    • Part XII The Adrenals
    • ۱۰۵ Surgical and Radiographic Anatomy of the Adrenals
    • Anatomic Relationships
    • Surgical Landmarks
    • Adrenal Vasculature
    • Adrenal Nerves
    • Embryology
    • Histology
    • Radiology
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۰۶ Pathophysiology, Evaluation, and Medical Management of Adrenal Disorders
    • Historical Background
    • Adrenal Anatomy and Embryology
    • Adrenal Physiology
    • Adrenal Disorders
    • Evaluation of Adrenal Lesions in Urologic Practice
    • Conclusions
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۰۷ Surgery of the Adrenal Glands
    • Evolution of Adrenal Surgery
    • Surgical Anatomy
    • Clinical Indications for Adrenalectomy
    • Indications and Contraindications for Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
    • Preoperative and Perioperative Management
    • Open Adrenalectomy
    • Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
    • Robot-Assisted Adrenalectomy
    • Robot-Assisted Posterior Retroperitoneal Adrenalectomy
    • Hand-Assisted Surgery
    • Laparoendoscopic Single-Site Adrenalectomy
    • Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery–Assisted Laparoscopic Adrenalectomy
    • Partial Adrenalectomy
    • Outcomes
    • Complications
    • Ablative Therapy for Adrenal Tumors
    • Future of Adrenal Surgery
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • Part XIII Urine Transport, Storage, and Emptying
    • ۱۰۸ Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
    • Surgical Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
    • Radiographic Anatomy of the Female Pelvis
    • References
    • ۱۰۹ Surgical, Radiographic, and Endoscopic Anatomy of the Male Pelvis
    • Bony Pelvis
    • Lower Abdominal Wall
    • Soft Tissues of the Pelvis
    • Perineum
    • Pelvic Circulation
    • Pelvic Viscera
    • Endoscopic Anatomy
    • Radiographic Anatomy
    • References
    • ۱۱۰ Physiology and Pharmacology of the Bladder and Urethra
    • Lower Urinary Tract Anatomy
    • Bladder Compartments
    • Overview of the Urethra
    • Urothelial Physiology
    • Smooth Muscle Physiology
    • Bladder Mechanics
    • Neural Control of the Lower Urinary Tract
    • Pharmacology
    • Clinical Relevance
    • Future Research
    • References
    • ۱۱۱ Pathophysiology and Classification of Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
    • Normal Lower Urinary Tract Function: Overview
    • Micturition Cycle: Simplification and Overview
    • Abnormalities of Filling/Storage and Emptying/Voiding: Overview of Pathophysiology
    • Classification Systems
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۲ Evaluation and Management of Women With Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse
    • Definition and Impact of Pelvic Floor Disorders
    • Diagnostic Evaluation
    • Physical Examination
    • Supplemental Evaluation
    • Management
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۳ Evaluation and Management of Men With Urinary Incontinence
    • Types of Urinary Incontinence
    • Evaluation
    • Principal Methods of Treating Men With Urinary Incontinence
    • Management of Different Urinary Incontinence Types in Men
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۴ Urodynamic and Video-Urodynamic Evaluation of the Lower Urinary Tract
    • Role of Urodynamics in Clinical Practice
    • Conducting a Urodynamic Study: Patient and Technical Factors
    • Components of the Urodynamic Study
    • Urodynamic Equipment
    • The Urodynamic Study: Analysis and Interpetation
    • Videourodynamics
    • Ambulatory Urodynamics
    • Clinical Applications of Urodynamic Studies: Evidence-Based Review and Guidelines Pertaining to Urodynamics
    • Future Directions
    • References
    • ۱۱۵ Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Prolapse
    • Definition and Classification of Urinary Incontinence
    • Terminology of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms and Incontinence
    • Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Women
    • Risk Factors for Urinary Incontinence in Women
    • Epidemiology of Urinary Incontinence in Men
    • Definitions and Classification of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • Epidemiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • Relationship Between Urinary Incontinence and Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • Consequences of Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse
    • Physiology of Urinary Continence
    • Pathophysiology of Urinary Incontinence: General Principles
    • Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence in Women
    • Pathophysiology of Insensible Incontinence
    • Pelvic Floor Support Mechanism
    • Pathophysiology of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۶ Neuromuscular Dysfunction of the Lower Urinary Tract
    • Objectives
    • Patterns of Neuropathic Voiding Dysfunction
    • Diseases at or Above the Brainstem
    • Diseases Primarily Involving the Spinal Cord
    • Disease Distal to the Spinal Cord
    • Miscellaneous Neurologic Diseases Causing Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction
    • Miscellaneous Conditions Definitely, Probably, or Possibly Related to Neuromuscular Dysfunction
    • Treatment of Neurogenic Lower Urinary Tract Dysfunction: Overview
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۷ Overactive Bladder
    • Terminology and Definitions
    • Epidemiology and Economics
    • Pathophysiology and Etiology
    • Clinical Assessment
    • Management
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۸ The Underactive Detrusor
    • Terminology, Definitions, and Symptoms
    • Epidemiology
    • Etiopathogenesis
    • Diagnosis
    • Management
    • Regenerative Medicine
    • Conclusions
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۱۹ Nocturia
    • Rationale for Evaluation and Management
    • Evaluation
    • Cause and Management
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۰ Pharmacologic Management of Lower Urinary Tract Storage and Emptying Failure
    • Introduction
    • Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Filling and Urine Storage
    • Pharmacologic Therapy to Facilitate Bladder Emptying
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۱ Conservative Management of Urinary Incontinence
    • Indications
    • Assessment Before Behavioral Treatments
    • Patient Education
    • Pelvic Floor Muscle Training
    • Behavioral Training With Urge Suppression
    • Role of Biofeedback
    • Pelvic Floor Muscle Electrical Stimulation
    • Bladder Training and Scheduled Voiding Regimens
    • Behavioral Treatment for Voiding and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction
    • Prevention of Urinary Incontinence
    • Vaginal and Urethral Mechanical Devices for Incontinence
    • Models of Delivery
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۲ Electrical Stimulation and Neuromodulation in Storage and Emptying Failure
    • History of Electrical Stimulation
    • Neurophysiology Relevant to Electrical Stimulation for Storage and Voiding Disorders
    • Sacral Anterior Root Stimulation and Sacral Dorsal Rhizotomy
    • Goal and Effect of Dorsal Rhizotomy of the Sacral Nerves
    • Current and Future Perspectives for Neurostimulation
    • Working Mechanism of Electrical Stimulation in Non-Neurogenic Storage and Voiding Disorders
    • Techniques of Electrostimulation of the Lower Urinary Tract
    • Constant Versus Intermittent Stimulation
    • Rechargeable Neurostimulator
    • Other Issues
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۳ Retropubic Suspension Surgery for Incontinence in Women
    • Therapeutic Options
    • Choice of Surgical Technique
    • Assessing Outcomes of Therapy
    • Indications for Retropubic Repair
    • General Technical Issues
    • Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz Procedure
    • Burch Colposuspension
    • Paravaginal Repair
    • Vagino-Obturator Shelf Repair
    • Laparoscopic Retropubic Suspension
    • Complications of Retropubic Repairs
    • Comparisons of Incontinence Procedures
    • World Without Mesh
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۴ Vaginal and Abdominal Reconstructive Surgery for Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • Preparing the Patient for Prolapse Surgery
    • Use of Mesh in Vaginal Surgery: Current Controversy
    • Surgical Management of Pelvic Organ Prolapse
    • References
    • ۱۲۵ Slings
    • The Evolution of Slings
    • Pathophysiology of Stress Urinary Incontinence and Sling Mechanism of Action
    • The Age of the Mid-Urethral Sling
    • Preoperative Assessment
    • Alternative Treatment Options
    • Pubovaginal Sling (PVS)
    • Pubovaginal Sling Operative Procedure
    • Outcomes of Pubovaginal Slings for Predominantly Stress Urinary Incontinence
    • Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Mixed Urinary Incontinence
    • Outcomes of Autologous Pubovaginal Slings for Urethral Reconstruction
    • Voiding Dysfunction Secondary to Bladder Outlet Obstruction After Pubovaginal Sling Surgery
    • Complications of Pubovaginal Slings
    • Mid-Urethral Slings
    • Mid-Urethral Sling Operative Procedures
    • Complications of Retropubic, Transobturator, and Single-Incision Mid-Urethral Slings
    • Mid-Urethral Sling Trocar Injury to the Urinary Tract
    • Sexual Dysfunction After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery
    • Other Complications After Mid-Urethral Sling Surgery
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۶ Complications Related to the Use of Mesh and Their Repair
    • Mesh and Its Properties
    • Mesh Slings for Stress Urinary Incontinence
    • Risk Factors for Mesh Sling Complications
    • Mesh Complications Among the Three Slings
    • Male Mesh Slings
    • References
    • ۱۲۷ Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure
    • Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Level
    • Additional Therapies for Storage Failure at the Bladder Outlet
    • Additional Therapies for Emptying
    • Additional Therapies for Storage and Emptying Failure: Circumventing the Problem
    • Summary
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۸ Aging and Geriatric Urology
    • Biology and Principles of Aging
    • Demographics of Aging
    • Clinical Evaluation of the Geriatric Urology Patient
    • End-of-Life Care and Urology
    • Summary
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۲۹ Urinary Tract Fistulae
    • General Considerations
    • Vesicovaginal Fistulae
    • Iatrogenic Fistulae
    • Ureteric Fistulae
    • Vesicouterine Fistulae
    • Urethrovaginal Fistulae
    • Uroenteric Fistulae
    • Pyeloenteric Fistulae
    • Rectourethral Fistulae
    • Urovascular Fistulae
    • Renovascular and Pyelovascular Fistulae
    • Ureterovascular Fistulae
    • Oncologic and Radiation Fistulae
    • Cancer Surgery
    • Radiation Fistulae
    • Other Urinary Fistulae
    • Acknowledgments
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۰ Bladder and Female Urethral Diverticula
    • Bladder Diverticula
    • Female Urethral Diverticula
    • Urethral Diverticula
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۱ Surgical Procedures for Sphincteric Incontinence in the Male
    • Classification, Pathophysiology, and Etiology
    • Indications for Surgery
    • Technique of Device Implantation
    • Artificial Urinary Sphincter Complications
    • Long-Term Results of Artificial Urinary Sphincters and Slings
    • Future Directions
    • Summary
    • Acknowledgment
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • Part XIV Benign and Malignant Bladder Disorders
    • ۱۳۲ Bladder Surgery for Benign Disease
    • Bladder Anatomy and Surgical Considerations
    • Bladder Diverticulectomy
    • Ureteral Reimplantation
    • Psoas Hitch and Boari Flap
    • Enterocystoplasty
    • Partial Cystectomy and Urachal Surgery
    • Bladder Stones and Foreign-Body Removal
    • References
    • ۱۳۳ Genital and Lower Urinary Tract Trauma
    • Injuries of the External Genitalia
    • Bladder Injury
    • Urethral Injury
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۴ Special Urologic Considerations in Transgender Individuals
    • Urologic Issues in Gender Nonconforming Youths
    • Urologic Issues in Male-to-Female Transsexuals (Transwomen)
    • Urologic Issues in Female-to-Male Transsexuals (Transmen)
    • Postoperative Care, Follow-Up, and Urethral Complications
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۵ Tumors of the Bladder
    • Epidemiology
    • Economic Impact
    • Risk Factors
    • Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma
    • Pathology
    • Histologic Variants of Urothelial Carcinoma
    • References
    • ۱۳۶ Management Strategies for Non–Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer (Ta, T1, and CIS)
    • Pathology: Grading and Staging
    • Endoscopic Surgical Management
    • Intravesical Therapy
    • Refractory High-Grade Disease
    • Surveillance and Prevention
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۷ Management of Muscle-Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer
    • Clinical Presentation, Diagnosis, and Evaluation
    • Radical Cystectomy and Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
    • Neoadjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
    • Adjuvant Therapy for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
    • Prognostic Nomograms for Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer
    • Management of Metastatic Bladder Cancer
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۸ Surgical Management of Bladder Cancer
    • Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumors
    • Patient Preparation
    • Surgical Technique
    • Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
    • Radical Cystectomy: Male
    • Radical Cystectomy: Female
    • Partial Cystectomy
    • Robotic Radical Cystectomy
    • Acknowledgments
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۳۹ Use of Intestinal Segments in Urinary Diversion
    • Surgical Anatomy
    • Selecting the Segment of Intestine
    • Preparing the Bowel for Surgery and Postoperative Recovery
    • Intestinal Anastomoses
    • Ureterointestinal Anastomoses
    • Renal Deterioration
    • Urinary Diversion
    • Metabolic and Neurochemical Problems of Urinary Intestinal Diversion
    • Summary
    • References
    • ۱۴۰ Cutaneous Continent Urinary Diversion
    • General Considerations
    • Patient Selection
    • Patient Preparation
    • Cystectomy
    • Postoperative Care and Comments
    • Continent Urinary Diversion
    • Quality-of-Life Assessments
    • Variations in Operative Technique
    • Summary
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۱ Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
    • History of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
    • Basic Principles of Continent Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
    • Patient Selection
    • Continence Mechanism in Patients Undergoing Orthotopic Diversion
    • Surgical Techniques for Continence Preservation During Radical Cystectomy
    • Techniques for Orthotopic Bladder Substitution
    • Results and Complications of Orthotopic Urinary Diversion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۲ Minimally Invasive Urinary Diversion
    • Incorporation of Robot-Assisted Approach
    • Patient Selection
    • Surgeon Choice
    • Preoperative Care
    • Patient Position and Port Placement
    • Anatomic Considerations in Men
    • Anatomic Considerations in Women
    • Ileal Conduit
    • Intracorporeal Neobladder
    • Future Directions
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • Part XV The Prostate
    • ۱۴۳ Development, Molecular Biology, and Physiology of the Prostate
    • Developmental and Cell Biology
    • Endocrine Control of Prostate Growth
    • Prostatic Secretions and Proteins
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۴ Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Etiology of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Pathophysiology
    • Epidemiology and Natural History
    • Complications of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Surgery for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۵ Evaluation and Nonsurgical Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Diagnostic Evaluation
    • Management of Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Caused by Benign Prostatic Enlargement
    • Androgen Manipulation
    • Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists
    • β۳-Agonist (Mirabegron)
    • Phytotherapy
    • Prognosis of Patients Receiving Medical Treatment for Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
    • Acute Urinary Retention
    • Future Directions in Medical Treatment of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • References
    • ۱۴۶ Minimally Invasive and Endoscopic Management of Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
    • Introduction
    • Epidemiology and Marketshare
    • Workup
    • Defining Outcomes
    • Presurgical Factors
    • Specific Technologies
    • Failed, Failing, and Future Directions
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۷ Simple Prostatectomy
    • Indications for Simple Prostatectomy
    • Preoperative Evaluation
    • Operating Day Preparation
    • Surgical Technique
    • Postoperative Management
    • Postoperative Management
    • Complications of Simple Prostatectomy
    • Summary
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۴۸ Epidemiology, Etiology, and Prevention of Prostate Cancer
    • Epidemiology
    • Risk Factors
    • Etiology and Molecular Genetics
    • Chemoprevention
    • Pharmacologic Agents
    • Vitamins and Micronutrients
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • ۱۴۹ Prostate Cancer Biomarkers
    • Biomarker Development
    • Assessment of Biomarker Performance
    • Blood-Based Biomarkers
    • Urine-Based Biomarkers
    • Tissue-Based Biomarkers
    • Summary
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۰ Prostate Biopsy
    • Ultrasonographic Anatomy of the Prostate
    • Gray-Scale Transrectal Ultrasonography
    • Prostate Biopsy: Techniques and Outcomes
    • Advanced and Investigational Techniques for Prostate Biopsy
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۱ Pathology of Prostatic Neoplasia
    • Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia
    • Adenocarcinoma
    • Subtypes of Prostate Adenocarcinoma
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۲ Diagnosis and Staging of Prostate Cancer
    • Diagnosis
    • Staging
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۳ Active Management Strategies for Localized Prostate Cancer
    • Host Evaluation
    • Selection of Treatment: Comparative Studies
    • Patient Counseling: a Stepwise Decision Approach
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • ۱۵۴ Active Surveillance of Prostate Cancer
    • The Overdiagnosis and Overtreatment Problem
    • The Natural History of Prostate Cancer
    • Outcome of Active Surveillance
    • Other Risk Factors
    • Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    • Caveats of Tissue-Based Genomics
    • Psychological Aspects
    • Lifestyle Management
    • Pharmacologic Intervention
    • Summary
    • GAP 3
    • Barriers to Active Surveillance
    • Research Questions
    • Conclusion
    • References
    • ۱۵۵ Open Radical Prostatectomy
    • Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy: Surgical Anatomy
    • Surgical Technique
    • Complications
    • Summary of Radical Retropubic Prostatectomy
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۶ Laparoscopic and Robotic-Assisted Laparoscopic Radical Prostatectomy and Pelvic Lymphadenectomy
    • Evolution of Minimally Invasive Laparoscopic Prostatectomy
    • Patient Selection
    • Instrumentation
    • Preoperative Preparation
    • Surgical Technique
    • Postoperative Management
    • Complications of Robotic Prostatectomy
    • Postoperative Complications
    • Functional Outcomes
    • Salvage Robotic-Assisted Radical Prostatectomy
    • Minimally Invasive Pelvic Lymph Node Dissection
    • Summary
    • References
    • ۱۵۷ Radiation Therapy for Prostate Cancer
    • Historical Perspective and Technological Advances
    • External Beam Radiation Treatment (Also See Outcomes for External Beam Radiation)
    • Brachytherapy
    • Androgen Suppression Combined With Radiation
    • Role of Prophylactic Pelvic Nodal Treatment
    • Treatment Morbidity and Quality-of-Life Outcomes
    • Evaluating the Response to Radiation Therapy
    • Treatment Efficacy
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۵۸ Focal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
    • Introduction
    • Concepts and Historical Perspective
    • Biologic Basis for Prostate Focal Therapy
    • Clinical Applications of Focal Therapy
    • Patient Selection
    • Advanced Imaging Techniques in Prostate Cancer
    • Promising Imaging Modalities
    • Ablation Patterns and Current Technologies
    • Conclusions and Areas for Future Research
    • References
    • ۱۵۹ Treatment of Locally Advanced Prostate Cancer
    • Definition
    • Trends in Incidence and Treatment
    • Natural History
    • Radical Prostatectomy
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Focal Ablative Therapy
    • Androgen Deprivation and Its Timing
    • Management of Delayed Sequelae
    • Clinical Trials
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
    • ۱۶۰ Management Strategies for Biochemical Recurrence of Prostate Cancer
    • Radical Prostatectomy
    • Radiation Therapy
    • Summary
    • References
    • ۱۶۱ Hormonal Therapy for Prostate Cancer
    • Historical Overview
    • Molecular Biology of the Androgen Axis
    • Mechanisms of Androgen Blockade
    • Clinical Follow-Up on Hormonal Therapy
    • Combination Therapy
    • Timing of Therapy
    • References
    • ۱۶۲ Treatment of Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer
    • Clinical Considerations
    • Cytotoxic Chemotherapy
    • Next-Generation Hormonal Therapies
    • Immunotherapy
    • Targeted Treatments
    • Palliative Management
    • Neuroendocrine Prostate Cancer
    • Conclusion
    • Suggested Readings
    • References
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